Forest fire and its key drivers in the tropical forests of northern Vietnam

Fire increasingly threatens tropical forests in northern Vietnam as climate changes and human population grows. Understanding fire occurrence patterns may support more effective forest management reduce risk. We investigated spatiotemporal drivers of wildfire across three provinces assessed the effectiveness Modified Nesterov index (MNI) danger rating system. explored size within between years types using descriptive analyses developed Maximum Entropy (Maxent) models incorporating variables representing potential fire, including weather, fuel, topography activity. Most fires occurred late dry season were most common natural forest. Maxent successfully predicted (area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values 0.67–0.79). While contributions varied among provinces, MNI, temperature, elevation distance to road consistently important. The model for combined showed that probability was greater higher temperature areas with lower population, farther from roads, at elevations forests. This study suggests an assessment integrating multiple better predicts than a system based on weather alone improved education Vietnam.